Real-time operating systems for the Arm Cortex-M Microcontrollers
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“1. Computer Architecture” Page 18
“1.1. Introduction to Real-Time Operating Systems” Page 19
“1.1.1. Real-time operating systems” Page 19
“In this book we define bandwidth as the number of information bytes/sec that can be transferred or processed." Page 19
“1.1.2. Embedded Systems” Page 20
“Real time means that the embedded system must respond to critical events within a strictly defined time, called the deadline." Page 20
“A transformative system collects data from inputs, makes decisions, and affects its environment by driving actuators." Page 20
“A reactive system collects data in a continuous fashion and produce outputs also in a continuous fashion." Page 21
“1.2. Computer Architecture” Page 22
“1.2.1. Computers, processors, and microcontrollers” Page 22
“An ARM Cortex-M microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output. The processor, memory and peripherals are connected via multiple buses. Because instructions are fetched via the ICode bus and data are fetched via the System bus, the Cortex M is classified as a Harvard architecture." Page 22
“The effective address register (EAR) contains the memory address used to fetch the data needed for the current instruction. Cortex-M microcontrollers execute Thumb instructions extended with Thumb-2 technology." Page 23
“The control unit (CU) orchestrates the sequence of operations in the processor. The CU issues commands to the other three components." Page 23
“The instruction register (IR) contains the operation code (or op code) for the current instruction. When extended with Thumb-2 technology, op codes are either 16 or 32 bits wide." Page 23
“The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic and logic operations. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are examples of arithmetic operations." Page 23
“A very small microcomputer, called a microcontroller, contains all the components of a computer (processor, memory, I/O) on a single chip." Page 23
“1.2.2. Memory” Page 25
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